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The Science of Climate Change

Climate change is no longer a distant threat or just a possibility, it is now a reality for all of us. In this pathway, Kevin Trenberth, a renowned climatologist, delves into the science behind climate change. He first introduces the climate system, its main components and forces.

Tackling the Plastic Crisis

Plastic pollution is by far the biggest threat to our oceans and this remains an incredibly tough problem to solve. Plastic credits could potentially serve as one of the much needed solutions for this crisis.

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The Scale of the Net Zero Challenge

The price of meeting net zero is estimated to be between $100-150 trillion over the next 30 years. Regardless of this cost, we need to reach net zero before climate change does irreversible damage to the environment and the economy.

ESG, Sustainability and Impact Jargon Buster

ESG, sustainability, impact… they all just mean green, right? Not quite. Despite being used often interchangeably, there are distinct differences between these terms.

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Featured Pathways

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The Science of Climate Change

Climate change is no longer a distant threat or just a possibility, it is now a reality for all of us. In this pathway, Kevin Trenberth, a renowned climatologist, delves into the science behind climate change. He first introduces the climate system, its main components and forces.

Tackling the Plastic Crisis

Plastic pollution is by far the biggest threat to our oceans and this remains an incredibly tough problem to solve. Plastic credits could potentially serve as one of the much needed solutions for this crisis.

More pathways

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Expert led content

+1,000 expert presented, on-demand video modules

Learning analytics

Keep track of learning progress with our comprehensive data

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Engage with our video hotspots and knowledge check-ins

Testing & certification

Gain CPD / CPE credits and professional certification

Managed learning

Build, scale and manage your organisation’s learning

Integrations

Connect Sustainability Unlocked to your current platform

Featured Content

More featured content

The Scale of the Net Zero Challenge

The price of meeting net zero is estimated to be between $100-150 trillion over the next 30 years. Regardless of this cost, we need to reach net zero before climate change does irreversible damage to the environment and the economy.

ESG, Sustainability and Impact Jargon Buster

ESG, sustainability, impact… they all just mean green, right? Not quite. Despite being used often interchangeably, there are distinct differences between these terms.

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Real Life Examples of Greenwashing

Real Life Examples of Greenwashing

Keith Mullin

35 years: Capital markets editorial

In the last video of this series, Keith takes us through some real-life examples from the debt capital markets where there has been some disagreement amongst market participants about whether issuers are greenwashing or not.

In the last video of this series, Keith takes us through some real-life examples from the debt capital markets where there has been some disagreement amongst market participants about whether issuers are greenwashing or not.

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Real Life Examples of Greenwashing

6 mins 27 secs

Overview

There have been many examples of issuances in the capital markets where questions around greenwashing have arisen. We've seen Total issue a sustainability-linked bond where the targets won't take the company to below a 2℃ pathway. Etihad's sustainability-linked Sukuk has the same issue. Repsol has also issued a green bond for technology improvements, but many market participants didn't like the fact that it would extend the life of oil refineries.

Key learning objectives:

  • Outline a selection of issuances that may be perceived as greenwashing

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Summary

Few examples of where greenwashing can be highly nuanced.

  • Total

When oil major Total announced in February 2021 that all of its bonds will henceforth be sustainability-linked, the company received a lot of plaudits. But, according to the scientific methodology developed by the TPI, Total’s targets will not take the company below a two-degree pathway. In other words, they’re not net zero compliant. So for an investor with a net zero mandate, Total would have to be screened out.

  • Etihad Airline

Etihad’s sustainability-linked Islamic instrument, or Sukuk, of October 2020. The transaction’s sole KPI is a reduction in the emissions intensity of the company’s passenger fleet by 2024. As part of its corporate strategy, the company plans to purchase next-gen aircraft and engage in R&D around sustainable aviation fuel.

According to people who looked at the transaction, the emissions intensity targets are built off assumptions based on assumptions about future travel, future aircraft fleets and therefore future emissions. The TPI’s science-based methodology concluded the issue was not aligned with the two degrees pathway.

  • Pearson

When education services company Pearson issued a social bond in 2020 to finance virtual learning, management made sure it was aligned with the Social Bond Principles. But at the same time, proceeds were allocated to existing products targeting existing target populations. Since exactly the same social outcomes would have been achieved with a conventional, did the company exploit the ESG label to fund business-as-usual growth targets with no social additionality?

  • National Australia Bank

National Australia Bank extended a sustainability-linked loan for the Port of Newcastle in Australia in May 2021, NAB’s loan does hold the coal facility to making environmental improvements, but others say it cheapens the cost of capital and prolongs the life of the world’s biggest coal export facility. By some estimates, Newcastle’s coal throughput accounts for up to 1.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. And the port will be critical to the new coal mines that have been approved in New South Wales.

  • Repsol

When Repsol issued the first green bond by an oil major, in 2017, it received a negative response, even though proceeds were earmarked for more than 300 technology improvements at existing facilities. But at the same time, it was calculated that the company’s actions would cut GHG emissions by 1.2 million tons of CO2 equivalent. And the bond was part of an ambitious long-term decarbonisation programme.

All of these examples reflect moves to improve the status quo but how credible they are and how material they are is an open question. Ultimately, it has to be up to each stakeholder to decide for themselves but this must in turn be based on rigorous data standards and benchmarks.

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Keith Mullin

Keith Mullin

Keith is the founder and director of KM Capital Markets, a media and thought-leadership consultancy. He spent the past 35 years working in specialist capital markets media and has had a ring-side seat at all of the major market events. Prior to setting up KM Capital Markets in 2017, Keith worked at Thomson Reuters.

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