A Closer Look at Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy plays a vital role in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions and achieving low-carbon energy targets. As outlined in the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) Net Zero by 2050 report, nuclear energy production must double between 2020 and 2050 to meet climate goals. Similarly, commitments made during COP28 include pledges from 22 countries to triple nuclear energy capacity by 2050. This is because nuclear energy, like renewable energy, is a reliable and non-emitting power source, making it a critical part of the transition away from fossil fuels. In 2022, nuclear energy was the largest source of non-emitting electricity generation in OECD countries and the second largest worldwide, after hydropower.

Nuclear energy is primarily produced through fission, a process in which the nucleus of an atom is split by neutrons, releasing heat and radiation. The heat is used to create steam, which drives turbines to generate electricity. Compared to conventional thermal power plants that use fossil fuels, nuclear fission is a low-carbon process.

Byproducts of nuclear fission include:

Safety in nuclear energy is a top priority, driven by lessons from past accidents such as Chernobyl. The Chernobyl disaster in 1986 highlighted the catastrophic consequences of reactor failures and the importance of strict safety measures. Following the accident, international efforts, such as the construction of the New Safe Confinement over Reactor 4, demonstrated the global commitment to improving nuclear safety.

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has established 10 safety principles to guide the industry. These include ensuring that the responsibility for safety lies with operators, optimizing protection to minimize risks, preventing accidents, and protecting current and future generations from radiation exposure. Emergency preparedness and long-term waste management are also emphasized to ensure sustainable and safe nuclear energy use.

Regulatory frameworks are essential for ensuring the safe, secure, and sustainable use of nuclear energy. They provide a legal and institutional structure to enforce safety standards, oversee nuclear operations, and manage radioactive materials. National governments, supported by independent regulatory bodies, play a central role in implementing these frameworks.

The IAEA collaborates with member states to establish and update global standards for nuclear safety and security. These frameworks help regulate various aspects of nuclear energy, from reactor operation to waste disposal and emergency response planning. By adhering to these guidelines, countries can mitigate risks, respond effectively to incidents, and maintain public trust in nuclear energy as a viable solution for climate goals.