Evolution of Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy is one of the largest sources of low-carbon electricity, providing about 10% of the world’s electricity through nearly 440 power reactors. This represents 26% of the world’s low-carbon electricity, making it a key contributor to stable and secure energy systems. Over 50 countries utilise nuclear energy in research reactors, which are used for research, medical and industrial isotope production, and training. Thirteen countries produce at least one-quarter of their electricity from nuclear power, with countries like France generating nearly 70% of their electricity from it. 

The nuclear industry faces significant challenges, including ageing infrastructure, high construction costs, and lengthy build times for new plants. Nearly 63% of existing nuclear power plants are over 30 years old, approaching the end of their licences, though extending their lifetimes could act as a bridge while new reactors are built. Other issues include limited private investment due to regulatory hurdles, lack of market incentives for low-carbon energy, and concerns about safety and waste management. The disposal of nuclear waste and the decommissioning of ageing reactors require substantial planning and funding. Public perception of nuclear risks also continues to impact its development in some countries. 

The future of nuclear energy lies in advancing technologies such as Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). These reactors are smaller, safer, and more cost-effective than traditional reactors, offering flexibility in location and faster construction. SMRs can operate for longer periods without refuelling, making them a promising option for expanding nuclear capacity. Nuclear energy also has potential in areas like hydrogen production and industrial heat supply. Demonstration projects are exploring hydrogen production at nuclear sites, while co-generation systems could provide heat for industries and district heating networks. These developments could further enhance the role of nuclear power in supporting a low-carbon energy future. 

Nuclear energy complements renewable energy sources like solar and wind by providing a stable and reliable baseload power supply. Unlike intermittent renewables, nuclear power consistently generates electricity, helping to stabilise the energy grid and prevent outages. Nuclear power also requires less land compared to many renewable installations, making it particularly valuable in densely populated areas. Its ability to produce large-scale electricity efficiently positions it as a key player in the transition to a carbon-neutral energy system.